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  2. Kinetic theory of gases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases

    To calculate the velocity distribution of particles hitting this small area, we must take into account that all the particles with (,,) that hit the area within the time interval are contained in the tilted pipe with a height of ⁡ and a volume of ⁡ (); Therefore, compared to the Maxwell distribution, the velocity distribution will have an ...

  3. Vertical pressure variation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_pressure_variation

    When density and gravity are approximately constant (that is, for relatively small changes in height), simply multiplying height difference, gravity, and density will yield a good approximation of pressure difference. If the pressure at one point in a liquid with uniform density ρ is known to be P 0, then the pressure at another point is P 1:

  4. Scale height - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_height

    Density is related to pressure by the ideal gas laws. Therefore, density will also decrease exponentially with height from a sea-level value of ρ 0 roughly equal to 1.2 kg⋅m −3. At an altitude over 100 km, the atmosphere is no longer well-mixed, and each chemical species has its own scale height.

  5. Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle

    Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, density, speed and height. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a parcel of fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in either the pressure or the height above a datum. [1]:

  6. Potential density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_density

    The potential density of a fluid parcel at pressure is the density that the parcel would acquire if adiabatically brought to a reference pressure , often 1 bar (100 kPa). Whereas density changes with changing pressure, potential density of a fluid parcel is conserved as the pressure experienced by the parcel changes (provided no mixing with ...

  7. Boyle's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_law

    where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, and k is a constant for a particular temperature and amount of gas. Boyle's law states that when the temperature of a given mass of confined gas is constant, the product of its pressure and volume is also constant. When comparing the same substance under two different sets of ...

  8. Reference atmospheric model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_atmospheric_model

    The increase in altitude necessary for P or ρ to drop to 1/e of its initial value is called the scale height: H = R T M g 0 {\displaystyle H={\frac {RT}{Mg_{0}}}} where R is the ideal gas constant, T is temperature, M is average molecular weight, and g 0 is the gravitational acceleration at the planet's surface.

  9. Venturi effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect

    The mass flow rate for a compressible fluid will increase with increased upstream pressure, which will increase the density of the fluid through the constriction (though the velocity will remain constant). This is the principle of operation of a de Laval nozzle. Increasing source temperature will also increase the local sonic velocity, thus ...