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This can lead to fetal malformations [2] [24] and low birth weight. [2] [6] [10] The umbilical vessels may also be longer compared to normal, [2] particularly when the site of velamentous cord insertion is in the lower uterine section as the extension of the uterine isthmus as pregnancy advances causes vessel elongation. [3]
[3] There are three types of vasa praevia. In Type 1, there is a velamentous insertion with vessels crossing the cervix. In Type 2, the placenta is bilobed or has a succenturiate lobe, with unprotected vessels between the lobes. In Type 3, a portion of the placenta overlying the cervix has atrophied, leaving vessels at a margin exposed. [3]
In North America placenta praevia occurs in 2.9 per 1000 pregnancies. Ethnic differences indicate white women are less likely to experience placenta praevia than black women. Additionally, more cases of placenta praevia are found in women from low-income areas which are linked to insufficient pregnancy care.
Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a medical condition that occurs when all or part of the placenta attaches abnormally to the myometrium (the muscular layer of the uterine wall) during pregnancy. This condition was first documented in medical literature in 1927 [ 1 ] .
Presentation of twins in Der Rosengarten ("The Rose Garden"), a German standard medical text for midwives published in 1513. In obstetrics, the presentation of a fetus about to be born specifies which anatomical part of the fetus is leading, that is, is closest to the pelvic inlet of the birth canal.
The amnion and the chorion are the chorioamniotic membranes that make up the amniotic sac which surrounds and protects the embryo. [2] The fetal membranes are four of six accessory organs developed by the conceptus that are not part of the embryo itself, the other two are the placenta, and the umbilical cord. [1]
In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). [1]
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]