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2. Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild's_equation...

   In the study of heat transfer, Schwarzschild's equation[ 1][ 2][ 3] is used to calculate radiative transfer ( energy transfer via electromagnetic radiation) through a medium in local thermodynamic equilibrium that both absorbs and emits radiation. The incremental change in spectral intensity, [ 4] ( dIλ, [W/sr/m 2 /μm]) at a given wavelength ...

3. Darcy friction factor formulae - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae

   Churchill equation [24] (1977) is the only equation that can be evaluated for very slow flow (Reynolds number < 1), but the Cheng (2008), [25] and Bellos et al. (2018) [8] equations also return an approximately correct value for friction factor in the laminar flow region (Reynolds number < 2300). All of the others are for transitional and ...

4. Carothers equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carothers_equation

   The simplest case refers to the formation of a strictly linear polymer by the reaction (usually by condensation) of two monomers in equimolar quantities. An example is the synthesis of nylon-6,6 whose formula is [−NH−(CH 2) 6 −NH−CO−(CH 2) 4 −CO−] n from one mole of hexamethylenediamine, H 2 N(CH 2) 6 NH 2, and one mole of adipic acid, HOOC−(CH 2) 4 −COOH.

5. Partial fraction decomposition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_fraction_decomposition

   Partial fraction decomposition. In algebra, the partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of a rational fraction (that is, a fraction such that the numerator and the denominator are both polynomials) is an operation that consists of expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions ...

6. Ideal gas law - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law

   This form of the ideal gas law is very useful because it links pressure, density, and temperature in a unique formula independent of the quantity of the considered gas. Alternatively, the law may be written in terms of the specific volume v, the reciprocal of density, as. It is common, especially in engineering and meteorological applications ...

7. Small-angle approximation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_approximation

   The sine and tangent small-angle approximations are used in relation to the double-slit experiment or a diffraction grating to develop simplified equations like the following, where y is the distance of a fringe from the center of maximum light intensity, m is the order of the fringe, D is the distance between the slits and projection screen ...