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Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Governance, risk management, and compliance are three related facets that aim to assure an organization reliably achieves objectives, addresses uncertainty and acts with integrity. [ 6] Governance is the combination of processes established and executed by the directors (or the board of directors) that are reflected in the organization's ...
Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is a term used to describe the way power is spread vertically between levels of government and horizontally across multiple quasi-government and non-governmental organizations and actors. [ 1] This situation develops because countries have multiple levels of government including local, regional, state ...
Market research is an organized effort to gather information about target markets and customers. It involves understanding who they are and what they need. [ 1] It is an important component of business strategy [ 2] and a major factor in maintaining competitiveness. Market research helps to identify and analyze the needs of the market, the ...
Marketing. A target market, also known as serviceable obtainable market ( SOM ), is a group of customers within a business 's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who ...
Marketing management is the strategic organizational discipline which focuses on the practical application of marketing orientation, techniques and methods inside enterprises and organizations and on the management of marketing resources and activities. [citation needed][ 1][ 2][ 3] Compare marketology, [ 4] which Aghazadeh defines in terms of ...
The zipper system, also known as "vertical parity" or the "zebra system", [ 1][ 2] is an electoral mechanism intended to enforce gender parity in countries using party-list proportional representation with closed lists. It requires that parties alternate between candidates of either gender on their candidate lists, meaning that 50% of the ...
Multistakeholder governance is a practice of governance that employs bringing multiple stakeholders together to participate in dialogue, decision making, and implementation of responses to jointly perceived problems. The principle behind such a structure is that if enough input is provided by multiple types of actors involved in a question, the ...