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Gout (/ ɡ aʊ t / GOWT [9]) is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of pain in a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint, [4] [10] caused by the deposition of needle-like crystals of uric acid known as monosodium urate crystals. [11] Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensity in less than 12 hours. [7]
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate ( CPPD) crystal deposition disease, also known as pseudogout and pyrophosphate arthropathy, is a rheumatologic disease which is thought to be secondary to abnormal accumulation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals within joint soft tissues. [1] The knee joint is most commonly affected. [2]
Hyperuricemia. Hyperuricaemia or hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. In the pH conditions of body fluid, uric acid exists largely as urate, the ion form. [1] [2] Serum uric acid concentrations greater than 6 mg/dL for females, 7 mg/dL for men, and 5.5 mg/dL for youth (under 18 years old) are defined as ...
Reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of inflammatory arthritis [ 1] that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body (cross-reactivity). Coming into contact with bacteria and developing an infection can trigger the disease. [ 2] By the time the patient presents with symptoms, often the "trigger ...
Tophus. A tophus (Latin: "stone", pl.: tophi) is a deposit of monosodium urate crystals, in people with longstanding high levels of uric acid (urate) in the blood, a condition known as hyperuricemia. Tophi are pathognomonic for the disease gout. Most people with tophi have had previous attacks of acute arthritis, eventually leading to the ...
Crystal arthropathy is a class of joint disorder (called arthropathy) that is characterized by accumulation of tiny crystals in one or more joints. Polarizing microscopy and application of other crystallographic techniques have improved identification of different microcrystals including monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate ...
Joint effusion. A traumatic right knee effusion. Note the swelling lateral to the kneecap as marked by the arrow. Specialty. Orthopedics, rheumatology. A joint effusion is the presence of increased intra-articular fluid. [ 1] It may affect any joint. Commonly it involves the knee (see knee effusion ).
Pathophysiology. Acute uric acid nephropathy is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals within the kidney interstitium and tubules, leading to partial or complete obstruction of collecting ducts, renal pelvis, or ureter. This obstruction is usually bilateral, and patients follow the clinical course of acute kidney failure .