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A compare-and-swap operation is an atomic version of the following pseudocode, where * denotes access through a pointer: [1]. function cas(p: pointer to int, old: int, new: int) is if *p ≠ old return false *p ← new return true
Integer addition, for example, can be performed as a single machine instruction, and some offer specific instructions to process sequences of characters with a single instruction. [7] But the choice of primitive data type may affect performance, for example it is faster using SIMD operations and data types to operate on an array of floats.
The modified V and P operations are as follows, using square brackets to indicate atomic operations, i.e., operations that appear indivisible to other processes: function V(semaphore S, integer I): [S ← S + I] function P(semaphore S, integer I): repeat: [if S ≥ I: S ← S − I break]
Double-checked // locking is implemented with the sync.Once library function. The first // goroutine to win the race to call Do() will initialize the array, while // others will block until Do() has completed. After Do has run, only a // single atomic comparison will be required to get the array. func getArr [] int {arrOnce.
Strings are immutable; built-in operators and keywords (rather than functions) provide concatenation, comparison, and UTF-8 encoding/decoding. [59] Record types can be defined with the struct keyword. [60] For each type T and each non-negative integer constant n, there is an array type denoted [n]T; arrays of differing lengths are thus of ...
All basic types are atomic. [7] For example, integers are a basic type defined in mathematics, while an array of integers is the result of applying an array type generator to the integer type. The terminology varies - in the literature, primitive, built-in, basic, atomic, and fundamental may be used interchangeably. [8]
In computer science, the fetch-and-add (FAA) CPU instruction atomically increments the contents of a memory location by a specified value.. That is, fetch-and-add performs the following operation: increment the value at address x by a, where x is a memory location and a is some value, and return the original value at x.
It has relation, function and action procedure definitions. Threads execute action procedures, calling functions and querying relations as needed. Threads in different agents communicate and coordinate using asynchronous messages. Threads within the same agent can also use shared dynamic relations acting as Linda-style tuple stores." [2]