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[1] [2] [3] There are several theories as to who was the first Japanese ruler supported by historical evidence: notable candidates are Emperor Yūryaku (r. 456–479) and Emperor Kinmei (r. 539–571), among others. [4] [5] The terms Tennō ('Emperor', 天皇), as well as Nihon ('Japan', 日本), were not adopted until the late 7th century AD.
For example, between 1192 and 1867, the shōguns, or their shikken regents in Kamakura (1203–1333), were the de facto rulers of Japan, although they were nominally appointed by the emperor. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the emperor was the embodiment of all sovereign power in the realm, as enshrined in the Meiji Constitution of 1889.
The rulers of Japan have been its Emperors, whether effectively or nominally, for its entire recorded history. These include the ancient legendary emperors, the attested but undated emperors of the Yamato period (early fifth to early 6th centuries), and the clearly dated emperors of 539 to the present.
The following is a family tree of the emperors of Japan, from the legendary Emperor Jimmu to the present monarch, Naruhito. [1]Modern scholars have come to question the existence of at least the first nine emperors; Kōgen's descendant, Emperor Sujin (98 BC – 30 BC?), is the first for whom many agree that he might have actually existed. [2]
The earliest historic written mentions of Japan were in Chinese records, where it was referred to as Wa (倭 later 和), which later evolved into the Japanese name of Wakoku (倭國). Suishō (帥升, ca. 107 CE) was a king of Wa, the earliest Japanese monarch mentioned in Volume 85 of the Book of the Later Han from 445 CE.
Shogun (English: / ˈ ʃ oʊ ɡ ʌ n / SHOH-gun; [1] Japanese: 将軍, romanized: shōgun, pronounced [ɕoːɡɯɴ] ⓘ), officially sei-i taishōgun (征夷大将軍, "Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians"), [2] was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. [3]
Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō) was the legendary first emperor of Japan according to the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki. [2] His ascension is traditionally dated as 660 BC. [6] [7] In Japanese mythology, he was a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, through her grandson Ninigi, as well as a descendant of the storm god Susanoo.
Yamato people, the dominant ethnic group of Japan; Yamato period, when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from Yamato Province; Yamato Kingship, the government of the Yamato period; Yamato clan, clan active in Japan since the Kofun period; Yamato-damashii, the "Japanese spirit", or Yamato-gokoro, the "Japanese heart/mind"