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Set operations in SQL is a type of operations which allow the results of multiple queries to be combined into a single result set. [ 1 ] Set operators in SQL include UNION , INTERSECT , and EXCEPT , which mathematically correspond to the concepts of union , intersection and set difference .
Title Authors ----- ----- SQL Examples and Guide 4 The Joy of SQL 1 An Introduction to SQL 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Book table, one could re-write the query above in the following form:
In a database table, the transaction time is often represented as an interval allowing the system to "remove" entries by using two table-columns start_tt and end_tt. The time interval is closed [at its lower bound and open) at its upper bound. [8] When the ending transaction time is unknown, it may be considered as until_changed.
In SQL Server versions 6.5 and earlier, database administrators (DBAs) used SQL Server Transfer Manager and Bulk Copy Program, included with SQL Server, to transfer data. These tools had significant shortcomings, and many [ quantify ] DBAs used third-party tools such as Pervasive Data Integrator to transfer data more flexibly and easily.
SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.
Transact-SQL is central to using Microsoft SQL Server. All applications that communicate with an instance of SQL Server do so by sending Transact-SQL statements to the server, regardless of the user interface of the application. Stored procedures in SQL Server are executable server-side routines. The advantage of stored procedures is the ...
Microsoft SQL Server (Structured Query Language) is a proprietary relational database management system developed by Microsoft.As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).
SQL editors allow users to edit and execute SQL statements. They may support the following features: cut, copy, paste, undo, redo, find (and replace), bookmarks; block indent, print, save file, uppercase/lowercase; keyword highlighting; auto-completion; access to frequently used files; output of query result; editing query-results