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The following table lists the standard-conforming values - based on SQL:2011. [1] The table's last column shows the part of the standard that defines the row. If it is empty, the definition originates from part 2 Foundation .
This list includes SQL reserved words – aka SQL reserved keywords, [1] [2] as the SQL:2023 specifies and some RDBMSs have added. Reserved words in SQL and related products In SQL:2023 [ 3 ]
The only point that is the same with a schema is that it also contains a number of "objects", which are tables in RDBMS systems and here column families or super columns. So, in distributed data stores, the whole burden to handle rows that may even change from data-store update to update lies on the shoulders of the programmers.
For referential integrity to hold in a relational database, any column in a base table that is declared a foreign key can only contain either null values or values from a parent table's primary key or a candidate key. [2] In other words, when a foreign key value is used it must reference a valid, existing primary key in the parent table.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
The nested set model is a technique for representing nested set collections (also known as trees or hierarchies) in relational databases.. It is based on Nested Intervals, that "are immune to hierarchy reorganization problem, and allow answering ancestor path hierarchical queries algorithmically — without accessing the stored hierarchy relation".
In particular, it is a component of Structured Query Language (SQL). Data Control Language is one of the logical group in SQL Commands. SQL [1] is the standard language for relational database management systems. SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as insert data to a database, delete or update data in a database, or retrieve data ...
SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.