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The 73rd amendment was also resisted because reservation of seats meant that high caste people had to accept marginal caste women into the political empowerment system. Indirectly, this leads to corruption when the government devotes funds to the grassroots panchayat where resources and funds are exploited by bureaucratic channels. [27]
The next major change in the panchayat system of India came with the passage of the Panchayati Raj Act (73rd Amendment) in 1992. A key motivation behind this act was the belief that local governments could be more effective than centrally appointed bureaucrats in identifying and responding to the needs of villages.
Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad HC in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 1975 SCR (3) 333 invalidating PM Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. [47]
The idea which produced the 73rd Amendment [12] was not a response to pressure from the grassroots, but to an increasing recognition that the institutional initiatives of the preceding decade had not delivered, that the extent of rural poverty was still much too large and thus the existing structure of government needed to be reformed. This ...
In 1993 the passage of the 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution of India, granted powers and functions to Local Self Governments (Panchayat at Village levels and Municipalities and Municipal Corporations in towns and large cities). As such the Panchayati raj may be seen as a third tier of government, below the federal and state governments.
Gram Panchayats are at the lowest level of Panchayat Raj institutions (PRIs), whose legal authority is the 73rd Constitutional Amendment of 1992, which is concerned with rural local governments. [5] Panchayat at District (or apex) Level; Panchayat at Intermediate Level; Panchayat at Base Level
In 1992, Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao's government passed the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts which mandated 33.3 percent reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions. [12] The women's reservation bill was first introduced by HD Deve Gowda-led government, as Constitution (81st Amendment) Bill, 1996 in the 11th Lok Sabha ...
Panchayati Raj was constitutionalised through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1993. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 22 December 1992 and by Raj Sabha on 23 December 1992. Later it was approved by 17 state assemblies and received the assent of the President on 23 April 1993. This Act become effective on 24 April 1993.