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  2. Electromaterials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromaterials

    Electromaterials enable the transport of charged species (electrons and/or ions) as well as facilitate the exchange of charge to other materials.For atomic and molecule systems, this is observed as atomic electronic transition between discrete orbitals, while for bulk semiconductor materials electronic bands determine which transitions may occur.

  3. Band gap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gap

    Electrons can gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon (heat) or a photon (light). A semiconductor is a material with an intermediate-sized, non-zero band gap that behaves as an insulator at T=0K, but allows thermal excitation of electrons into its conduction band at temperatures that are below its melting ...

  4. Light-emitting diode physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode_physics

    The p–n junction in any direct band gap material emits light when electric current flows through it. This is electroluminescence. Electrons cross from the n-region and recombine with the holes existing in the p-region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level ...

  5. Excited state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_state

    Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.. The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers).

  6. Relativistic quantum chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry

    These corrections affect the electrons differently depending on the electron speed compared with the speed of light. Relativistic effects are more prominent in heavy elements because only in these elements do electrons attain sufficient speeds for the elements to have properties that differ from what non-relativistic chemistry predicts. [5]

  7. Diorama - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama

    A diorama is a replica of a scene, typically a three-dimensional model either full-sized or miniature. Sometimes it is enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum. Dioramas are often built by hobbyists as part of related hobbies such as military vehicle modeling, miniature figure modeling, or aircraft modeling. [citation needed]

  8. Twistronics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twistronics

    Twistronics (from twist and electronics) is the study of how the angle (the twist) between layers of two-dimensional materials can change their electrical properties. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Materials such as bilayer graphene have been shown to have vastly different electronic behavior, ranging from non-conductive to superconductive , that depends ...

  9. Electron mobility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mobility

    The resulting Lorentz force will accelerate the electrons (n-type materials) or holes (p-type materials) in the (−y) direction, according to the right hand rule and set up an electric field ξ y. As a result there is a voltage across the sample, which can be measured with a high-impedance voltmeter.

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