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  2. Vertical and horizontal bundles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal...

    Vertical and horizontal subspaces for the Möbius strip. The Möbius strip is a line bundle over the circle, and the circle can be pictured as the middle ring of the strip. . At each point on the strip, the projection map projects it towards the middle ring, and the fiber is perpendicular to the middle ri

  3. Line integral convolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral_convolution

    Texture-based methods, like LIC, avoid these problems since they depict the entire vector field at point-like (pixel) resolution. [ 1 ] Compared to other integration-based techniques that compute field lines of the input vector field, LIC has the advantage that all structural features of the vector field are displayed, without the need to adapt ...

  4. Stippling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stippling

    Capodimonte porcelain jar painted in the stipple style of Giovanni Caselli with three figures of Pulcinella from the commedia dell'arte, 1745–1750 Graphics complex of a seashell with stipple shading modeled in Mathematica 13.1. Stippling is the creation of a pattern simulating varying degrees of solidity or shading by using small dots. Such a ...

  5. Vector field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_field

    A vector field V defined on an open set S is called a gradient field or a conservative field if there exists a real-valued function (a scalar field) f on S such that = = (,,, …,). The associated flow is called the gradient flow , and is used in the method of gradient descent .

  6. Kodaira–Spencer map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaira–Spencer_map

    One of the original constructions of this map used vector fields in the settings of differential geometry and complex analysis. [1] Given the notation above, the transition from a deformation to the cocycle condition is transparent over a small base of dimension one, so there is only one parameter t {\displaystyle t} .

  7. Fundamental vector field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_vector_field

    In the study of mathematics, and especially of differential geometry, fundamental vector fields are instruments that describe the infinitesimal behaviour of a smooth Lie group action on a smooth manifold. Such vector fields find important applications in the study of Lie theory, symplectic geometry, and the study of Hamiltonian group actions.

  8. Covariant classical field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant_classical_field...

    In field theory this connection is also viewed as a covariant derivative whose action on various fields is defined later. A principal connection denoted A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} is a g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} -valued 1-form on P satisfying technical conditions of 'projection' and 'right-equivariance': details found in the ...

  9. Texture mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping

    A texture map [5] [6] is an image applied (mapped) to the surface of a shape or polygon. [7] This may be a bitmap image or a procedural texture.They may be stored in common image file formats, referenced by 3D model formats or material definitions, and assembled into resource bundles.