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The name "axis" comes from the concept of generating a cylinder by rotating a line around an axis. The curve of that cylinder is 90° from that axis of rotation. When dealing with toric lenses, the axis defines the orientation of the steepest and flattest curvatures relative to horizontal and vertical.
From the measurements taken, the specialist will write an eyeglass prescription that contains at least three numerical specifications for each eye: sphere, cylinder, and axis, as well as pupillary distance (distance between eyes), and, rarely, prism for one or both eyes.
3) REFINE CYLINDER AXIS Once again the patient's fixation is directed to a round letter on the chart. The 0.50JCC is presented straddling the axis of the cylinder lens in the trial frames. [6] The patient is shown the lens in both flip positions. Both options may be blurry, the patient is asked to indicate which is clearer of the two. [6]
By measuring this zone, the autorefractor can determine when a patient's eye properly focuses an image. The instrument changes its magnification until the image comes into focus. The process is repeated in at least three meridians of the eye and the autorefractor calculates the refraction of the eye, sphere, cylinder and axis.
Jackson cross cylinder of +/- 0.25 diopter. Jackson cross cylinder is a single low power lens, which is a combination of a plus cylinder and a minus cylinder of equal power with axis perpendicular to each other, with a handle placed between the two axes at 45 degrees.
The phoropter measurement is made at a common vertex distance of 12 mm from the eye. The equivalent prescription at the patient's cornea (say, for a contact lens) can be calculated as follows (this example assumes a negative cylinder sign convention): Power 1 is the spherical value, and power 2 is the steeper power of the astigmatic axis: