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Full-waveform (multi-return) is often used for forest analysis by Airborne LiDAR, while discrete return (single return) is used by a ground-based laser scanning method. [19] A laser is reflected whenever it reaches any surfaces. The full-waveform return is able to penetrate down into canopies and return vegetation information at different ...
A two-dimensional Poincaré section of the forced Duffing equation. In mathematics, particularly in dynamical systems, a first recurrence map or Poincaré map, named after Henri Poincaré, is the intersection of a periodic orbit in the state space of a continuous dynamical system with a certain lower-dimensional subspace, called the Poincaré section, transversal to the flow of the system.
In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter.
A Poincaré plot, named after Henri Poincaré, is a graphical representation used to visualize the relationship between consecutive data points in time series to detect patterns and irregularities in the time series, revealing information about the stability of dynamical systems, providing insights into periodic orbits, chaotic motions, and bifurcations.
Orbit diagram for the Hénon map with b=0.3.Higher density (darker) indicates increased probability of the variable x acquiring that value for the given value of a.Notice the satellite regions of chaos and periodicity around a=1.075-- these can arise depending upon initial conditions for x and y.
The value of λ for the logistic map at r = 4 can be calculated precisely, and its value is λ = log 2. Although a strict mathematical definition of chaos has not yet been unified, it can be shown that the logistic map with r = 4 is chaotic on [0, 1] according to one well-known definition of chaos. Graph of the invariant measure ρ(x) for r = 4.
To see how this number arises, consider the real one-parameter map =.Here a is the bifurcation parameter, x is the variable. The values of a for which the period doubles (e.g. the largest value for a with no period-2 orbit, or the largest a with no period-4 orbit), are a 1, a 2 etc.
Discretization is also related to discrete mathematics, and is an important component of granular computing. In this context, discretization may also refer to modification of variable or category granularity, as when multiple discrete variables are aggregated or multiple discrete categories fused.