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Pivotal response treatment is a naturalistic intervention model derived from the principles of applied behavior analysis.Rather than target individual behaviors one at a time, PRT targets pivotal areas of a child's development such as motivation, [3] responsiveness to multiple cues, [4] self-management, and social initiations. [5]
In the context of the theory, mind-blindness implies being unable to predict behavior and attribute mental states including beliefs, desires, emotions, or intentions of other people. [5] The mind-blindness theory asserts that children who delay in this development will often develop autism. [4] [6]
It is often used in working with ambivalence in people who are engaged in behaviours that are harmful to their health (for example, problematic substance use or excessive eating), [1] as part of psychological approaches such as those based on the transtheoretical model of change, [2] and in certain circumstances in motivational interviewing.
The theory states an individual's motivation for a task can be derived with the following formula (in its simplest form): = where , the desire for a particular outcome, or self-efficacy is the probability of success, is the reward associated with the outcome, is the individual’s sensitivity to delay and is the time to complete that task.
The theory of mind hypothesis is supported by the atypical responses of children with autism to the Sally–Anne test for reasoning about others' motivations, [67] and the mirror neuron system theory of autism described in Pathophysiology maps well to the hypothesis. [43]
[1] [2] Such theory commonly applies to students in the school context where frequent evaluation of one's ability and comparison between peers exist. A majority of students believe that being academically competent is a way of maintaining self-esteem, thus try to maximise their academic competence and avoid failure.
McGuire first divided the motivation into two main categories using two criteria: Is the mode of motivation cognitive or affective? Is the motive focused on preservation of the status quo or on growth? Then for each division in each category he stated there is two more basic elements.
E–S theory was developed by psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen in 2002, [10] as a reconceptualization of cognitive sex differences in the general population. This was done in an effort to understand why the cognitive difficulties in autism appeared to lie in domains in which he says on average females outperformed males, along with why cognitive strengths in autism appeared to lie in domains in ...