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  2. Holding (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_(aeronautics)

    The proper entry procedure is determined by the angle difference between the direction the aircraft flies to arrive at the beacon and the direction of the inbound leg of the holding pattern. [7] A direct entry is performed just as its name would suggest: the aircraft flies directly to the holding fix, and immediately begins the first turn outbound.

  3. Aircraft flight dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_dynamics

    sideslip angle β: angle between the velocity vector and the projection of the aircraft longitudinal axis onto the x w,y w-plane, which describes whether there is a lateral component to the aircraft velocity; angle of attack α: angle between the x w,y w-plane and the aircraft longitudinal axis and, among other things, is an important variable ...

  4. Flight dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamics

    The equilibrium roll angle is known as wings level or zero bank angle, equivalent to a level heeling angle on a ship. Yaw is known as "heading". A fixed-wing aircraft increases or decreases the lift generated by the wings when it pitches nose up or down by increasing or decreasing the angle of attack (AOA). The roll angle is also known as bank ...

  5. Airport diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_diagram

    According to ICAO, airport diagrams shall show coordinates, field elevations, runways, aprons, taxiways, hot spots, taxiway routes, air transit routes, lighting, air traffic control (ATC) service boundary, communication channels, obstacles, slope angles, buildings and service areas, VOR checkpoints, and movement area permanently unsuitable for aircraft.

  6. Standard rate turn - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_rate_turn

    For aircraft holding purposes, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) mandates that all turns should be made, "at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank." [4] By the above formula, a rate-one turn at a TAS greater than 180 knots would require a bank angle of more than 25 ...

  7. Airfield traffic pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield_traffic_pattern

    In Europe, aircraft usually join the pattern at a 45° angle to the downwind leg, in the beginning of the downwind leg. [citation needed] Fast aircraft, for example military jets, may enter the pattern with a run-and-break (in the US, overhead maneuver or overhead break). The aircraft flies at speed along the final leg, and makes a sharp, high ...

  8. Axes conventions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axes_conventions

    RPY angles of airplanes and other air vehicles Mnemonics to remember angle names Main article: aircraft principal axes Coordinates to describe an aircraft attitude (Heading, Elevation and Bank) are normally given relative to a reference control frame located in a control tower, and therefore ENU, relative to the position of the control tower on ...

  9. Angle of incidence (aerodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence...

    Angle of incidence of an airplane wing on an airplane. On fixed-wing aircraft, the angle of incidence (sometimes referred to as the mounting angle [1] or setting angle) is the angle between the chord line of the wing where the wing is mounted to the fuselage, and a reference axis along the fuselage (often the direction of minimum drag, or where applicable, the longitudinal axis).