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The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen: CO + H 2 O ⇌ CO 2 + H 2. The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780. It was not until much later that the industrial value of this reaction was realized.
The water gas shift reaction is the reaction between carbon monoxide and steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide: CO + H 2 O ⇌ CO 2 + H 2. This reaction was discovered by Felice Fontana and nowadays is adopted in a wide range of industrial applications, such as in the production process of ammonia, hydrocarbons, methanol, hydrogen and other chemicals.
The reaction is exothermic with ΔH= -41.1 kJ/mol and have an adiabatic temperature rise of 8–10 °C per percent CO converted to CO 2 and H 2. The most common catalysts used in the water-gas shift reaction are the high temperature shift (HTS) catalyst and the low temperature shift (LTS) catalyst.
For example, an increase in pressure due to decreasing volume causes the reaction to shift to the side with fewer moles of gas. [16] The reaction yield stabilizes at equilibrium but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or changed by increasing the temperature or pressure.
In a second stage, additional hydrogen is generated through the lower-temperature, exothermic, water-gas shift reaction, performed at about 360 °C (680 °F): CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2. Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the additional water (steam) to oxidize CO to CO 2. This oxidation also provides energy to maintain the reaction.
Most important is the water-gas shift reaction, which provides a source of hydrogen at the expense of carbon monoxide: [8] H 2 O + CO H 2 + CO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {H2O + CO -> H2 + CO2}}} For FT plants that use methane as the feedstock , another important reaction is dry reforming , which converts the methane into CO and H 2 :
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is often hydrogen production, although syngas has multiple other uses such as production of ammonia or methanol. The ...
Gas kinetics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics, concerned with the study of motion of gases and its effects on physical systems. Based on the principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics , gas dynamics arises from the studies of gas flows in transonic and supersonic flights .