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Codocytes, also known as target cells, are red blood cells that have the appearance of a shooting target with a bullseye. In optical microscopy these cells appear to have a dark center (a central, hemoglobinized area) surrounded by a white ring (an area of relative pallor), followed by dark outer (peripheral) second ring containing a band of ...
3576 n/a Ensembl ENSG00000169429 n/a UniProt P10145 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000584 NM_001354840 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_000575 NP_001341769 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 73.74 – 73.74 Mb n/a PubMed search n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth ...
The Akt-GSK3β axis is necessary for MYC activation by CD19 in BCR-negative cells, with higher levels of Akt activation corresponding to higher levels of MYC. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] CD19 is a crucial BCR-independent regulator of MYC-driven neoplastic growth in B cells since the CD19-MYC axis promotes cell expansion in vitro and in vivo .
B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is B lymphocyte cell-surface molecule. It is a 33-37 kDa non-glycosylated protein. CD20 is expressed on the surface of B-cells from the pre-B phase, the expression is lost in terminally differentiated plasma cells. [5] [6] CD20 is used as a therapeutical target of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. [6]
The peripheral smear demonstrates mostly target cells, occasional hemoglobin C crystals, and only a few sickle cells. However, persons with hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC) have more significant retinopathy, ischemic necrosis of bone, and priapism than those with pure SS disease.
In cancer, increased levels of this soluble protein are diagnostic marker for leukemia and lymphoma. [29] Furthermore, sIL-2Rα levels have some significance also in infectious diseases and transplantation. Higher serum levels were correlated with severity and need for hospitalisation of COVID-19 patients.
This process is illustrated by the insulin receptor sites on target cells, e.g. liver cells, in a person with type 2 diabetes. [6] Due to the elevated levels of blood glucose in an individual, the β-cells (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas must release more insulin than normal to meet the demand and return the blood to homeostatic levels. [7]
Elliptocytes, also known as ovalocytes or cigar cells, are abnormally shaped red blood cells that appear oval or elongated, from slightly egg-shaped to rod or pencil forms. They have normal central pallor with the hemoglobin appearing concentrated at the ends of the elongated cells when viewed through a light microscope .