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Gas bubbles within the arterial circulation can block the supply of blood to any part of the body, including the brain, and can therefore manifest a vast variety of symptoms. The following table presents those signs and symptoms which have been observed in more than ten percent of cases diagnosed as AGE, with approximate estimates of frequency. [8]
Snorkel breathing is inherently negative pressure breathing, as the lungs of the swimmer are at least partly below the surface of the water. [16] There appears to be a connection between negative pressure breathing and a higher risk of pulmonary oedema while diving, as it increases the pressure difference between alveolar blood and gas. [95]
High-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) – also known as high-pressure neurological syndrome, and helium tremors, is a neurological and physiological diving disorder which can result when a diver descends below about 500 feet (150 m) using a breathing gas containing a high proportion of helium.
Its initial symptoms of cough and difficulty breathing are similar to near-drowning, however, near-drowning does not cause viral infection-like symptoms. Furthermore, it can be difficult to distinguish the condition from an acute viral infection at first; unlike viral illnesses, salt water aspiration syndrome tends to improve within a few hours.
Narcosis results from breathing gases under elevated pressure, and may be classified by the principal gas involved. The noble gases, except helium and probably neon, [2] as well as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen cause a decrement in mental function, but their effect on psychomotor function (processes affecting the coordination of sensory or cognitive processes and motor activity) varies widely.
A recent experimental study showed increased pulmonary artery pressure with cold water immersion, but this was done in normal subjects rather than in people with a history of SIPE. [17] A study in SIPE-susceptible individuals during submersion in cold water showed that pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressures were higher than in ...
Differential pressure hazards (Pressure difference other than hydrostatic, causing strong water flow, usually towards the hazard) [46] Diver may get drawn into moving machinery or trapped against an intake opening, and may be directly injured or unable to escape and may run out of breathing gas and drown.
Rapid breathing helps the patient compensate for the decrease in blood pH by increasing the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide, which helps prevent further acid accumulation in the blood. [11] Cheyne–Stokes respiration is a breathing pattern consisting of alternating periods of rapid and slow breathing, which may result from a brain stem injury ...