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The maximum does not apply to anyone who is self-employed or who can set their own hours of work, as it is aimed to protect workers who possess less bargaining power and autonomy over the way they do their jobs. [10] Nevertheless, all UK workers may "opt out" of the 48-hour week by individually signing an opt out form. [11]
Moreover, "autonomous workers", which according to the UK's Health and Safety Executive, following European Union interpretation and case law, are defined as those with "total control" of both the duration and scheduling of work, are also excluded. [8] Any individual can also voluntarily opt out of the maximum working week of 48 hours.
The maximum working week in the United Kingdom is 48 hours a week on average, which is typically averaged over 17 weeks. Workers have the choice of opting out of the 48-maximum week. There also exceptions to the maximum working week including – but not limited to – being in the armed forces, emergency services or police. [94]
a right to work no more than 48 hours per week, unless the member state enables individual opt-outs. It was issued as an update on earlier versions from 22 June 2000 and 23 November 1993. [1] Since excessive working time is cited as a major cause of stress, depression, and illness, the purpose of the directive is to protect people's health and ...
The evidence for harm to people who are deprived of sleep, or work irregular hours, is robust. Research from Europe and the United States on nonstandard work hours and sleep deprivation found that late-hour workers are subject to higher risks of gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight of their newborns.
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Directives 93/104/EC (1993), 2000/34/EC (2000), which limited working hours, were consolidated into 2003/88/EC (2003). Employers and employees can agree to opt out, under certain circumstances. The directives require: [3] maximum average working week (including overtime) of 48 hours over a 17-week reference period
EL PASO, Texas – If the federal government shuts down Friday, U.S. border crossings will stay open and border agents will keep working through the holidays – without pay, at least temporarily.