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The original PCE formulation used by Norbert Wiener [2] was limited to the case where is a random vector with a Gaussian distribution. Considering only the one-dimensional case (i.e., M = 1 {\displaystyle M=1} and X = X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} =X} ), the polynomial basis function orthogonal w.r.t. the Gaussian distribution are the set of i ...
A random variable with a Gaussian distribution is said to be normally distributed, and is called a normal deviate. Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known.
In probability theory particularly in the Malliavin calculus, a Gaussian probability space is a probability space together with a Hilbert space of mean zero, real-valued Gaussian random variables. Important examples include the classical or abstract Wiener space with some suitable collection of Gaussian random variables. [1] [2]
An example found by Marcus and Shepp [18]: 387 is a random lacunary Fourier series = = ( + ), where ,,,, … are independent random variables with standard normal distribution; frequencies < < < … are a fast growing sequence; and coefficients > satisfy <.
[1] [2] In other words, () is the probability that a normal (Gaussian) random variable will obtain a value larger than standard deviations. Equivalently, Q ( x ) {\displaystyle Q(x)} is the probability that a standard normal random variable takes a value larger than x {\displaystyle x} .
At this point we are using a capital X rather than a lower-case x because we are thinking of it "as an estimator rather than as an estimate", i.e., as something random whose probability distribution we could profit by knowing. The random matrix S can be shown to have a Wishart distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom. [5] That is:
This integral is 1 if and only if = (the normalizing constant), and in this case the Gaussian is the probability density function of a normally distributed random variable with expected value μ = b and variance σ 2 = c 2: = (()).
The random variable (Y/σ) 2 has a noncentral chi-squared distribution with 1 degree of freedom and noncentrality equal to (μ/σ) 2. The folded normal distribution can also be seen as the limit of the folded non-standardized t distribution as the degrees of freedom go to infinity.