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Type errors (such as an attempt to apply the ++ increment operator to a Boolean variable in Java) and undeclared variable errors are sometimes considered to be syntax errors when they are detected at compile-time. It is common to classify such errors as (static) semantic errors instead. [2] [3] [4]
Common exceptions include an invalid argument (e.g. value is outside of the domain of a function), [5] an unavailable resource (like a missing file, [6] a network drive error, [7] or out-of-memory errors [8]), or that the routine has detected a normal condition that requires special handling, e.g., attention, end of file. [9]
Another feature is a semi-asynchronous mechanism that raises an asynchronous exception only during certain operations of the program. For example, Java's Thread. interrupt only affects the thread when the thread calls an operation that throws InterruptedException. [53]
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C does not provide direct support to exception handling: it is the programmer's responsibility to prevent errors in the first place and test return values from the functions.
Off-by-one errors are common in using the C library because it is not consistent with respect to whether one needs to subtract 1 byte – functions like fgets() and strncpy will never write past the length given them (fgets() subtracts 1 itself, and only retrieves (length − 1) bytes), whereas others, like strncat will write past the length given them.
For example, a plugin that is running inside another application is expected to handle all errors and exceptions in such a way as to not crash the application in which it is embedded. Blanket catching of errors and exceptions is a pattern that is easy to fall into when attempting to prevent crashes at all costs, and when you combine that with ...
In other languages graceful exits can be implemented with additional statements at the locations of possible errors. The phrase "graceful exit" has also been generalized to refer to letting go from a job or relationship in life that has ended.