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Another form of erfc x for x ≥ 0 is known as Craig's formula, after its discoverer: [27] = (). This expression is valid only for positive values of x , but it can be used in conjunction with erfc x = 2 − erfc(− x ) to obtain erfc( x ) for negative values.
MathCAD provides both erf(x) and erfc(x) for real arguments. Mathematica: erf is implemented as Erf and Erfc in Mathematica for real and complex arguments, which are also available in Wolfram Alpha. Matlab provides both erf and erfc for real arguments, also via W. J. Cody's algorithm. [5] Maxima provides both erf and erfc for real and complex ...
The Q-function can be generalized to higher dimensions: [14] = (),where (,) follows the multivariate normal distribution with covariance and the threshold is of the form = for some positive vector > and positive constant >.
The last expression is the logarithmic mean. = ( >) = (>) (the Gaussian integral) = (>) = (, >) (+) = (>)(+ +) = (>)= (>) (see Integral of a Gaussian function
The function was tabulated by Vera Faddeeva and N. N. Terentyev in 1954. [8] It appears as nameless function w(z) in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964), formula 7.1.3. The name Faddeeva function was apparently introduced by G. P. M. Poppe and C. M. J. Wijers in 1990; [9] [better source needed] previously, it was known as Kramp's function (probably after Christian Kramp).
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The BER is the likelihood of a bit misinterpretation due to electrical noise ().Considering a bipolar NRZ transmission, we have = + for a "1" and () = + for a "0".Each of () and () has a period of .