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Layers of the skin. Drugs administered through topical application can act locally or systemically. [1] [6] However, the drug molecules must first be retained in and penetrate the surface layer of the skin. [6] Absorption of the drug through the skin surface is a passive process of diffusion.
A container with cream. Topical cream formulation is an emulsion semisolid dosage form that is used for skin external application. Most of the topical cream formulations contain more than 20 per cent of water and volatiles and/or less than 50 per cent of hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyethylene glycols as the vehicle for external skin application. [1]
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, occurring naturally as a secondary metabolite in some plants including species of Berberis, from which its name is derived. Due to their yellow pigmentation, raw Berberis materials were once commonly used to dye wool, leather, and wood. [4]
Faded Serum for Dark Spots & Discoloration. A favorite dark spot corrector of Dr. Green's, this serum is excellent for treating dark spots on acne-prone skin types.
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During early pioneering years, the alkaloid berberine in the agarita roots was used to make a yellow dye. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Agarita also has uses in medicine; its medicinal value is created mainly by the alkaloids in the roots, and throughout history, it was used to treat ailments ranging from fevers to stomach troubles and open wounds.
[7] [8] Human skin contains several layers, including the subcutaneous layer, the dermis, the epidermis, the stratum corneum, and the appendages. Each of these layers have an effect on the absorption of topical drug. [1] When the topical drug is applied to the skin, it must pass via the stratum corneum, which is the outermost skin layer. [8]
PUVA (psoralen and UVA) is an ultraviolet light therapy treatment for skin diseases: vitiligo, eczema, psoriasis, graft-versus-host disease, mycosis fungoides, large plaque parapsoriasis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, using the sensitizing effects of the drug psoralen.
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