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Consequences of religiosity may include emotional and physical health, spiritual well-being, personal, marital, and family happiness. This, however, does not preclude the possibility of these factors working in the reverse as health, happiness and the like may interact with and have an influence on one's level of religiosity. [3]
One of the most common ways that people cope with trauma is through the comfort found in religious or spiritual practices. [1] Psychologists of religion have performed multiple studies to measure the positive and negative effects of this coping style. [2]
For example, the negative intelligence–religiosity association was insignificant with samples using men, pre-college participants, and taking into account grade point average. When other variables like education and quality of human conditions were taken into account, positive relation between IQ and disbelief in God was reduced. [ 8 ]
For example, in one study, a secure relationship with one's parents was associated with a secure attachment to God. [27] One theory, the correspondence pathway theory, suggests that individual differences in attachment style lead to differences in religious beliefs, such that an individual with an insecure attachment could be led to either ...
One of the most common ways that people cope with trauma is through the comfort found in religious or spiritual practices. [55] Psychologists of religion have performed multiple studies to measure the positive and negative effects of this coping style. [56]
Thus, some criticisms of religion become criticisms of one or more aspects of a specific religious tradition. Critics of religion in general may view religion as one or more of: outdated, harmful to the individual , harmful to society , an impediment to the progress of science or humanity, a source of immoral acts or customs, and a political ...
However, taken as a whole, research tends to show that the effect of spirituality is positive, associated with better health outcomes. [1] [2] For those who engage in spirituality, it may serve as a buffer from negative life events, often moderating the relationship between negative life experiences and levels of anxiety or depression. [3]
In an afterword to An Autobiographical Study (1925, revised 1935), Freud states that his "essentially negative" view of religion changed somewhat after The Future of an Illusion; while religion's "power lies in the truth which it contains, I showed that that truth was not a material but a historical truth."