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The three types of venomous snakes that cause the majority of major clinical problems are vipers, kraits, and cobras. Knowledge of what species are present locally can be crucial, as is knowledge of typical signs and symptoms of envenomation by each type of snake.
Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected by the bite or sting of a venomous animal. [ 1 ] Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew , Blarina brevicauda ), reptiles (e.g., the king cobra ), [ 2 ] spiders (e.g., black widows ), [ 3 ] insects (e.g., wasps ), and fish (e.g., stone fish ) employ ...
Envenomation results in local symptoms as well as severe systemic symptoms that may prove fatal. Local symptoms include swelling and intense pain, which appear within minutes of a bite. In very bad cases the swelling may extend up the entire affected limb within 12–24 hours and blisters form on the skin. [ 68 ]
Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) is a medical condition caused by the effects of some snake and caterpillar venoms on the blood. [1] Important coagulation factors are activated by the specific serine proteases in the venom and as they become exhausted, coagulopathy develops.
Pathognomonic symptoms such as localized sweating and piloerection provide evidence of envenomation. Diagnosis in most people includes reporting contact with a Latrodectus spider. Overdiagnosis is a risk, without a spider to identify.
Approximately 10% of bites lead to serious symptoms for a total of 3–4 severe envenomations annually. [10] [11] [12] Range of the two genera (Hadronyche and Atrax) of venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. A. robustus is one of three designated species of the genus Atrax (the others being A. yorkmainorum and A. sutherlandii).
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For a bite to be significant, substantial envenomation is required. Bites from the widow spiders involve a neurotoxic venom which produces a condition known as latrodectism. [3] Symptoms may include pain which may be at the bite or involve the chest and abdomen, sweating, muscle cramps and vomiting among others. [1]