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In mathematics, particularly in number theory, Hillel Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes is a topological proof that the integers contain infinitely many prime numbers. When examined closely, the proof is less a statement about topology than a statement about certain properties of arithmetic sequences.
Euclid offered a proof published in his work Elements (Book IX, Proposition 20), [1] which is paraphrased here. [2] Consider any finite list of prime numbers p 1, p 2, ..., p n. It will be shown that there exists at least one additional prime number not included in this list. Let P be the product of all the prime numbers in the list: P = p 1 p ...
Furstenberg gained attention at an early stage in his career for producing an innovative topological proof of the infinitude of prime numbers in 1955. In a series of articles beginning in 1963 with A Poisson Formula for Semi-Simple Lie Groups , he continued to establish himself as a ground-breaking thinker.
Both the Furstenberg and Golomb topologies furnish a proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers. [1] [2] A sketch of the proof runs as follows: Fix a prime p and note that the (positive, in the Golomb space case) integers are a union of finitely many residue classes modulo p. Each residue class is an arithmetic progression, and thus clopen.
Book 9 applies the results of the preceding two books and gives the infinitude of prime numbers and the construction of all even perfect numbers. Book 10 proves the irrationality of the square roots of non-square integers (e.g. ) and classifies the square roots of incommensurable lines into thirteen disjoint categories.
The proof is due to Ivan Niven, [4] adapted from the product expansion idea of Euler. In the following, a sum or product taken over p always represents a sum or product taken over a specified set of primes. The proof rests upon the following four inequalities:
Not all Euclid numbers are prime. E 6 = 13# + 1 = 30031 = 59 × 509 is the first composite Euclid number.. Every Euclid number is congruent to 3 modulo 4 since the primorial of which it is composed is twice the product of only odd primes and thus congruent to 2 modulo 4.
Prime number. Infinitude of the prime numbers; Primitive recursive function; Principle of bivalence. no propositions are neither true nor false in intuitionistic logic; Recursion; Relational algebra (to do) Solvable group; Square root of 2; Tetris; Algebra of sets. idempotent laws for set union and intersection
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