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In enzymology, a L-glutamate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-glutamate + O 2 + H 2 O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2-oxoglutarate + NH 3 + H 2 O 2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-glutamate , O 2 , and H 2 O , whereas its 3 products are 2-oxoglutarate , NH 3 , and H 2 O 2 .
Glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2, glutaminase I, L-glutaminase, glutamine aminohydrolase) is an amidohydrolase enzyme that generates glutamate from glutamine. Glutaminase has tissue-specific isoenzymes. Glutaminase has an important role in glial cells. Glutaminase catalyzes the following reaction: Glutamine + H 2 O → glutamate + NH + 4
Other enzyme inhibitors are poisons. For example, the poison cyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor that combines with the copper and iron in the active site of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase and blocks cellular respiration. [82]
In this manner, an amino acid can transfer its amine group to glutamate, after which GDH can then liberate ammonia via oxidative deamination. This is a common pathway during amino acid catabolism. [3] Another enzyme responsible for oxidative deamination is monoamine oxidase, which catalyzes the deamination of monoamines via addition of oxygen ...
In enzymology, a D-glutamate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction D-glutamate + H 2 O + O 2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2-oxoglutarate + NH 3 + H 2 O 2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are D-glutamate , H 2 O , and O 2 , whereas its 3 products are 2-oxoglutarate , NH 3 , and H 2 O 2 .
Several isozymes are encoded by different genes, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) is the most abundant version, found in the cytoplasm of nearly all mammalian tissues, whose preferred substrate is hydrogen peroxide.
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, phosphate, and NADP +, whereas its 3 products are L-glutamyl 5-phosphate, NADPH, and H +. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.
Animals must metabolize proteins to amino acids, at the expense of muscle tissue, when blood sugar is low. The preference of liver transaminases for oxaloacetate or alpha-ketoglutarate plays a key role in funneling nitrogen from amino acid metabolism to aspartate and glutamate for conversion to urea for excretion of nitrogen.