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Phantom deadlocks are deadlocks that are falsely detected in a distributed system due to system internal delays but do not actually exist. For example, if a process releases a resource R1 and issues a request for R2 , and the first message is lost or delayed, a coordinator (detector of deadlocks) could falsely conclude a deadlock (if the ...
Distributed deadlocks can be detected either by constructing a global wait-for graph, from local wait-for graphs at a deadlock detector or by a distributed algorithm like edge chasing. Phantom deadlocks are deadlocks that are detected in a distributed system due to system internal delays but no longer actually exist at the time of detection.
This phenomenon is commonly experienced when using the first-in first-out page replacement algorithm. In FIFO, the page fault may or may not increase as the page frames increase, but in optimal and stack-based algorithms like LRU, as the page frames increase, the page fault decreases. László Bélády demonstrated this in 1969. [1]
A wait-for graph in computer science is a directed graph used for deadlock detection in operating systems and relational database systems.. In computer science, a system that allows concurrent operation of multiple processes and locking of resources and which does not provide mechanisms to avoid or prevent deadlock must support a mechanism to detect deadlocks and an algorithm for recovering ...
Dekker's or Peterson's algorithm are possible substitutes if atomic locking operations are not available. Careless use of locks can result in deadlock or livelock. A number of strategies can be used to avoid or recover from deadlocks or livelocks, both at design-time and at run-time. (The most common strategy is to standardize the lock ...
Even though most classical deadlock handling techniques can be extended to Distributed Systems, distributed deadlocks are a vast and more complex concept. They involved methods like edge-chasing algorithms, probe-based algorithms, etc. It is a more advanced and newer field compared to deadlocks in simpler multiprocessing systems.
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The LRU algorithm cannot be implemented in the critical path of computer systems, such as operating systems, due to its high overhead; Clock, an approximation of LRU, is commonly used instead. Clock-Pro is an approximation of LIRS for low-cost implementation in systems. [13]