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These processes are associated with large-scale movements of the Earth's crust (tectonic plates). [1] Folding, faulting, volcanic activity, igneous intrusion and metamorphism can all be parts of the orogenic process of mountain building. [2] The formation of mountains is not necessarily related to the geological structures found on it. [3]
Continental drift is the theory, originating in the early 20th century, that Earth's continents move or drift relative to each other over geologic time. [1] The theory of continental drift has since been validated and incorporated into the science of plate tectonics, which studies the movement of the continents as they ride on plates of the Earth's lithosphere.
Lifted fault-block geology Tilted fault-block formation in the Teton Range. Fault-block mountains often result from rifting, an indicator of extensional tectonics. These can be small or form extensive rift valley systems, such as the East African Rift zone. Death Valley in California is a smaller example.
The rock cycle and plate tectonics [1] This diamond is a mineral from within an igneous or metamorphic rock that formed at high temperature and pressure The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary , metamorphic , and igneous .
A geological contact is a boundary which separates one rock body from another. [1] A contact can be formed during deposition, by the intrusion of magma, [2] or through faulting or other deformation of rock beds that brings distinct rock bodies into contact.
In physical geography and physical geology, aspect (also known as exposure) [1] is the compass direction or azimuth that a terrain surface faces. [2] For example, a slope landform on the eastern edge of the Rockies toward the Great Plains is described as having an easterly aspect.
Annals of the Former World is a book on geology written by John McPhee and published in 1998 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. [1] It won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. [2] The book presents a geological history of North America, and was researched and written over the course of two decades beginning in 1978.