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Arthur Schopenhauer considered the world to be the product of an irrational and insatiable metaphysical force which he called Will. The first presentation of philosophical pessimism in a systematic manner, with an entire structure of metaphysics underlying it, was introduced by German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in the 19th century.
The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; Religion, a Dialogue, Etc. contains selections from Parerga and Paralipomena "Iconoclasm in German Philosophy" in The Westminster Review, Volume 59, 1853 (see p. 388) Pararerga und Paralipomena – Link to the book at archive.org (German fraktur) Schopenhauer Α. Sämtliche Werke. In 5 Bde.
For Arthur Schopenhauer, every action (eating, sleeping, breathing, etc.) was a struggle against death, although one which always ends with death's triumph over the individual. [63]: 338 Since other animals also fear death, the fear of death is not rational, but more akin to an instinct or a drive, which he called the will to life. In the end ...
Image Name Date of birth Date of death Nationality Julius Bahnsen [1] [2]: 30 March 1830: 7 December 1881: German Ernest Becker [3]: 27 September 1924: 6 March 1974
Arthur Schopenhauer (/ ˈ ʃ oʊ p ən h aʊər / SHOH-pən-how-ər; [9] German: [ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ] ⓘ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind ...
The World as Will and Representation (2 volumes) by Arthur Schopenhauer (with Judith Norman and Alistair Welchman - Cambridge University Press, 2010 and 2018) Friedrich Nietzsche, 'On Schopenhauer: Notes 1868’, in C. Janaway (ed.), Willing and Nothingness: Schopenhauer as Nietzsche’s Educator (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998), 258–265.
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[3] [4] Mainländer aims to free the philosophy of Schopenhauer from its metaphysical tendencies. [5]: 604 It is the longest criticism of Schopenhauer's work, and it earned him the praise of Frauenstädt, [6] "apostle primarie" of Schopenhauer, Max Seiling [4] and Frederick C. Beiser [7] for being one of the most talented followers of Schopenhauer.
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