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The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially entered into force on 23 June 1961. [4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [1]
The International Geophysical Year was pivotal in establishing a cooperative international framework in Antarctica, and led on to the Antarctic Treaty System in 1959. Meanwhile, in an attempt at ending the impasse, the United Kingdom submitted an application to the International Court of Justice in 1955 to adjudicate between the territorial ...
Shortly after the discovery of Antarctica, people began hunting seals at an unsustainable rate. [6] [7] Many species were close to extinction before the signing of CCAS.[6]It was opened for ratification on 1 June 1972, [3] and entered into force on 11 March 1978.
House agreed to Senate amendment on October 14, 1978 (Passed) Signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 28, 1978 The Antarctic Conservation Act , enacted in 1978 by the 95th United States Congress ( Pub. L. 95–541 ), and amended by Pub. L. 104–227 (text) (PDF) , is a United States federal law that addresses the issue of ...
The U.S. delegate Herman Phleger signs the Antarctic Treaty in December 1959. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. [1]
The mission's second base, Byrd Station, was a (former) research station in West Antarctica established by the US Navy for Operation Deep Freeze II during the International Geophysical Year. [5] The United States Antarctic Program airfield, built to service Operation Deep Freeze (first mission) was later named Williams Field or Willy Field.
An important impetus toward the formation of the Antarctic Treaty System in 1959, was the International Geophysical Year, 1957–1958. This year of international scientific cooperation triggered an 18-month period of intense Antarctic science.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed on December 1, 1959 by the United States and eleven other nations involved in scientific research on the continent of Antarctica during the preceding biennium; seven of these nations – Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom – had competing territorial claims to Antarctica. [1]