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The Harvard sentences, or Harvard lines, [1] is a collection of 720 sample phrases, divided into lists of 10, used for standardized testing of Voice over IP, cellular, and other telephone systems. They are phonetically balanced sentences that use specific phonemes at the same frequency they appear in English.
[5] [6] Another source of information is the vocal tract resonance signals that get transmitted through bone conduction called non-audible murmurs. [ 7 ] They have also been created as a brain–computer interface using brain activity in the motor cortex obtained from intracortical microelectrodes .
Speech perception is the process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonology and phonetics in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology.
Subvocalization, or silent speech, is the internal speech typically made when reading; it provides the sound of the word as it is read. [1] [2] This is a natural process when reading, and it helps the mind to access meanings to comprehend and remember what is read, potentially reducing cognitive load.
English voiceless stops are generally aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable, and in the same context, their voiced counterparts are voiced only partway through. In more narrow phonetic transcription , the voiced symbols are maybe used only to represent the presence of articulatory voicing, and aspiration is represented with a ...
In speech communication, intelligibility is a measure of how comprehensible speech is in given conditions. Intelligibility is affected by the level (loud but not too loud) and quality of the speech signal, the type and level of background noise, reverberation (some reflections but not too many), and, for speech over communication devices, the properties of the communication system.
The National Reading Panel has found that phonemic awareness improves children's word reading and reading comprehension and helps children learn to spell. [1] Phonemic awareness is the basis for learning phonics. [2] Phonemic awareness and phonological awareness are often confused since they are interdependent.
Many writers have attempted to produce a list of distinct functions of intonation. Perhaps the longest was that of W.R. Lee, [2] who proposed ten. J.C. Wells [3] and E. Couper-Kuhlen [4] both put forward six functions. Wells's list is given below; the examples are not his: attitudinal function (for expressing emotions and attitudes)