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Example of the water-level task. In 1, a bottle of water sits upright on a table, with the water level marked in blue. In 2, the bottle has been tilted on its side (in this case, by 45 degrees). The respondent must mark the new water level.
An example of upregulation is the response of liver cells exposed to such xenobiotic molecules as dioxin. In this situation, the cells increase their production of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which in turn increases degradation of these dioxin molecules. Downregulation or upregulation of an RNA or protein may also arise by an epigenetic alteration ...
These examples all use an arbitrary mapping between the stimulus and the response. Another possibility is to use a natural mapping, with arrows as stimuli. For example, Kopp et al. (1994) [6] used left and right arrows, with flanker stimuli above and below the target. The flankers could be arrows pointing in the same direction as the target ...
In humans, when calories are restricted because of war, famine, or diet, lost weight is typically regained quickly, including for obese patients. [2] In the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, after human subjects were fed a near-starvation diet for a period, losing 66% of their initial fat mass, and later allowed to eat freely, they reattained and even surpassed their original fat levels ...
"Behavioral sink" is a term invented by ethologist John B. Calhoun to describe a collapse in behavior that can result from overpopulation.The term and concept derive from a series of over-population experiments Calhoun conducted on Norway rats between 1958 and 1962. [1]
Inhibitory control, also known as response inhibition, is a cognitive process – and, more specifically, an executive function – that permits an individual to inhibit their impulses and natural, habitual, or dominant behavioral responses to stimuli (a.k.a. prepotent responses) in order to select a more appropriate behavior that is consistent with completing their goals.
An example water jar puzzle. The water jar test, first described in Abraham S. Luchins' 1942 classic experiment, [1] is a commonly cited example of an Einstellung situation. . The experiment's participants were given the following problem: there are 3 water jars, each with the capacity to hold a different, fixed amount of water; the subject must figure out how to measure a certain amount of ...
His research on rats during the 1930s and 1940s challenged the reigning behaviorist paradigm, by postulating cognitive processes akin to what was then being described by psychoanalysis. In the 1950s, Maier changed his area of research to industrial psychology , he claimed in response to prejudicial treatment of him in the profession led by ...