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  2. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  3. Alternade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternade

    In the majority of alternades, every second letter is used to make two smaller words, but in some cases, every third letter is used to make three smaller words. Theoretically, a very long word could use every fourth letter to make four smaller words; e.g., «partitioned» is an alternade for «pin», «ate», «rid», and «to».

  4. Transposed letter effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposed_letter_effect

    In psychology, the transposed letter effect is a test of how a word is processed when two letters within the word are switched.. The phenomenon takes place when two letters in a word (typically called a base word) switch positions to create a new string of letters that form a new, non-word (typically called a transposed letter non-word or TL non-word).

  5. English alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet

    The letters u and j, as distinct from v and i, were introduced in the 16th century, and w assumed the status of an independent letter. The variant lowercase form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century. Today, the English alphabet is considered to consist of the following 26 ...

  6. Derangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derangement

    For instance, for a word made of only two different letters, say n letters A and m letters B, the answer is, of course, 1 or 0 according to whether n = m or not, for the only way to form an anagram without fixed letters is to exchange all the A with B, which is possible if and only if n = m. In the general case, for a word with n 1 letters X 1 ...

  7. Bulls and cows - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulls_and_Cows

    The game play for the word version is as follows. One player (the host) thinks of an isogram word (i.e. no letter appears twice) and, if the word length is not pre-determined, announces the number of letters in the word. Other players (the guessers) try to figure out that word by guessing isogram words containing the same number of letters.

  8. Alphabetical order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetical_order

    The poet and scholar Callimachus, who worked there, is thought to have created the world's first library catalog, known as the Pinakes, with scrolls shelved in alphabetical order of the first letter of authors' names. [2] In the 1st century BC, Roman writer Varro compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles. [5]

  9. Missing letter effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_letter_effect

    The position of letters in words and the position of suffix morphemes have an influence on word identification, letter detection, and the missing letter effect in texts. [20] [21] [22] The letters at the start and end of words, or the first and last letter of a word, contribute to how people read and recognize words. [21]