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Risk factors for mental illness include psychological trauma, adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits. [7] [8] Correlations between mental disorders and substance use are also found to have a two way relationship, in that substance use can lead to the development of mental disorders and having mental disorders can lead to substance use/abuse.
First, serotonin system dysfunction cannot be the sole cause of depression, because not all patients treated with antidepressants show improvement, despite the fact that most patients still show a rapid increase in synaptic serotonin. Second, if significant mood improvements do occur, this is often not for at least two to four weeks.
Mood disorders fall into seven groups, [2] including; abnormally elevated mood, such as mania or hypomania; depressed mood, of which the best-known and most researched is major depressive disorder (MDD) (alternatively known as clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and moods which cycle between mania and depression ...
Risk factors for bipolar include obstetric complications, abuse, drug use, and major life stressors. [28] The "kindling model" of mood disorders suggests that major environmental stressors trigger initial mood episodes, but as mood episodes occur, weaker and weaker triggers can precipitate an affective episode. This model was initially created ...
Biological psychiatry or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system.It is interdisciplinary in its approach and draws on sciences such as neuroscience, psychopharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, epigenetics and physiology to investigate the biological bases of behavior and psychopathology.
Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society. [26] Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart disease in people with bipolar disorder is twice that of the general population. [4]
Some causes can contribute to these disorders like genetic factors (genetics, family medical history), [51] environmental factors (excessive stress, exposure to neurotoxins, pollution, viral infections, and bacterial infections), [52] [53] physical factors (traumatic brain injury, illness), [54] and prenatal factors (birth defects, exposure to ...
Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of mental illnesses with a particular emphasis on the genetic and neurophysiological basis of clinical psychology. Biological psychopathology attempts to explain psychiatric disorders using multiple levels of analysis from the genome to brain functioning to behavior.