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Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. [1] For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because ...
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
In this case, s is called the least absolute remainder. [3] As with the quotient and remainder, k and s are uniquely determined, except in the case where d = 2n and s = ±n. For this exception, we have: a = kd + n = (k + 1)d − n. A unique remainder can be obtained in this case by some convention—such as always taking the positive value of s.
The congruence relation may be rewritten as a = k m + b, explicitly showing its relationship with Euclidean division. However, the b here need not be the remainder in the division of a by m. Rather, a ≡ b (mod m) asserts that a and b have the same remainder when divided by m. That is, a = p m + r, b = q m + r, where 0 ≤ r < m is the common ...
In arithmetic, Euclidean division – or division with remainder – is the process of dividing one integer (the dividend) by another (the divisor), in a way that produces an integer quotient and a natural number remainder strictly smaller than the absolute value of the divisor. A fundamental property is that the quotient and the remainder ...
Divisor function σ 0 (n) up to n = 250 Sigma function σ 1 (n) up to n = 250 Sum of the squares of divisors, σ 2 (n), up to n = 250 Sum of cubes of divisors, σ 3 (n) up to n = 250 In mathematics , and specifically in number theory , a divisor function is an arithmetic function related to the divisors of an integer .
In the example, 20 is the dividend, 5 is the divisor, and 4 is the quotient. Unlike the other basic operations, when dividing natural numbers there is sometimes a remainder that will not go evenly into the dividend; for example, 10 / 3 leaves a remainder of 1, as 10 is not a multiple of 3.
The number 3 is a primitive root modulo 7 [5] because = = = = = = = = = = = = (). Here we see that the period of 3 k modulo 7 is 6. The remainders in the period, which are 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, form a rearrangement of all nonzero remainders modulo 7, implying that 3 is indeed a primitive root modulo 7.