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Service definitions, like the OSI model, abstractly describe the functionality provided to a layer N by a layer N−1, where N is one of the seven layers of protocols operating in the local host. At each level N, two entities at the communicating devices (layer N peers) exchange protocol data units (PDUs) by means of a layer N protocol.
A layer 2 network device is a multiport device that uses hardware addresses (MAC addresses) to process and forward data at the data link layer (layer 2). A switch operating as a network bridge may interconnect otherwise separate layer 2 networks. The bridge learns the MAC address of each connected device, storing this data in a table that maps ...
4-port 10BASE-T Ethernet hub with selectable MDI-X/MDI port 8-port Ethernet hub with one 10BASE2 connector and eight 10BASE-T ports. An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub [a] is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment.
The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi. [a] This provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among computers on the same local area network (LAN) and large-scale network communications through routable protocols, such as Internet ...
It works on OSI layer 2. Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments. It works on OSI layers 1 and 2. [13] Repeater: an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances. [14]
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium.
Device drivers are software specific to each input/output (I/O) device that enables the operating system to work without modification over different hardware. [102] [103] Another component of file systems is a dictionary that maps a file's name and metadata to the data block where its contents are stored. [104]
A physical network node is an electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting information over a communication channel. [1] In data communication, a physical network node may either be data communication equipment (such as a modem , hub , bridge or switch ) or data terminal equipment (such ...