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Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal.
Relapsing polychondritis is a systemic disease characterized by repeated episodes of inflammation and in some cases deterioration of cartilage.The disease can be life-threatening if the respiratory tract, heart valves, or blood vessels are affected.
The most serious signs and symptoms associated with Marfan syndrome involve the cardiovascular system: undue fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, racing heartbeats, or chest pain radiating to the back, shoulder, or arm. Cold arms, hands, and feet can also be linked to MFS because of inadequate circulation.
Dysfunction of any of these portions of the mitral valve apparatus can cause regurgitation. [citation needed] The most common cause of MR in developed countries is mitral valve prolapse. [10] It is the most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation in the United States, causing about 50% of cases. Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve ...
Fibrosis and scarring of valve leaflets, commissures and cusps leads to abnormalities that can result in valve stenosis or regurgitation. [18] The inflammation caused by rheumatic fever, usually during childhood, is referred to as rheumatic valvulitis. About half of patients with rheumatic fever develop inflammation involving valvular ...
Mitral valve prolapse is frequently associated with mild mitral regurgitation, [15] where blood aberrantly flows from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. In the United States , MVP is the most common cause of severe, non-ischemic mitral regurgitation. [ 4 ]
Tricuspid regurgitation is usually secondary to right ventricular dilation [16] which may be due to left ventricular failure (the most common cause), right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, [16] or cor pulmonale [16] Other causes of tricuspid regurgitation include carcinoid syndrome and myxomatous degeneration.
In The Framingham Heart Study, presence of tricuspid regurgitation of mild severity or greater, was present in about 14.8% of men and 18.4% of women. [20] Mild tricuspid regurgitation tends to be common and, in the presence of a structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus, can be considered a normal variant. [21]