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Eugen Goldstein (/ ˈ ɔɪ ɡ ən / OY-gən, German: [ˈɔʏɡeːn ˈɡɔlt.ʃtaɪn, ˈɔʏɡn̩-]; 5 September 1850 – 25 December 1930) was a German physicist.He was an early investigator of discharge tubes, the discoverer of anode rays or canal rays, later identified as positive ions in the gas phase including the hydrogen ion.
They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen Goldstein, in 1886. [1] Later work on anode rays by Wilhelm Wien and J. J. Thomson led to the development of mass spectrometry .
Crookes X-ray tube from around 1910 Another Crookes x-ray tube. The device attached to the neck of the tube (right) is an "osmotic softener". When the voltage applied to a Crookes tube is high enough, around 5,000 volts or greater, [16] it can accelerate the electrons to a high enough velocity to create X-rays when they hit the anode or the glass wall of the tube.
1921–22: Stern–Gerlach experiment by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach [472] 1924: Description of coincidence method by Walther Bothe [473] 1924–25: Bose–Einstein statistics, Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson by Albert Einstein [474] 1927: Free electron model by Arnold Sommerfeld [475] 1927: Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg [476]
Background Chlorine and caustic soda are produced at chlor-alkali plants using mercury cells or the increasingly popular membrane technology that is mercury free and more energy-
They were first observed in 1859 by German physicist Julius Plücker and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, [1] and were named in 1876 by Eugen Goldstein Kathodenstrahlen, or cathode rays. [2] [3] In 1897, British physicist J. J. Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle, which was later named the ...
Einstein, in 1905, when he wrote the Annus Mirabilis papers. 1900 – To explain black-body radiation (1862), Max Planck suggests that electromagnetic energy could only be emitted in quantized form, i.e. the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit E = hν, where h is the Planck constant and ν is the frequency of the radiation.
1886 Eugen Goldstein produced anode rays; 1887 Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect; 1894 Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay discover argon by spectroscopically analyzing the gas left over after nitrogen and oxygen are removed from air; 1895 William Ramsay discovers terrestrial helium by spectroscopically analyzing gas produced by ...