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The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...
Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880 is a history of the Reconstruction era by W. E. B. Du Bois, first published in 1935.
Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive "Black Codes". However, they were abolished in 1866 and seldom had effect, because the Freedmen's Bureau (not the local courts) handled the legal affairs of freedmen. The Black Codes indicated the plans of the Southern whites for the former slaves. [104]
Collective economics: Building Black business districts today. Today's landscape shows both progress and persistent challenges. Census data reveals that while Black Americans represented about 12% ...
After the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops, which followed from the Compromise of 1877, the Democratic governments in the South instituted state laws to separate black and white racial groups, submitting African Americans to de facto second-class citizenship and enforcing white supremacy.
The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.
Reconstruction, America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. ISBN 0-0601-5851-4; Gaines, Kevin. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. University of North Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8078-2239-6; Gaston, Paul M. The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking ...
Around 34% of Black workers say they have code switched at work, and about 15% say they are more likely than workers on average to think that code switching is necessary. ... Good Morning America ...