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James Hall, A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art, 1983, John Murray, London, ISBN 0-7195-3971-4; Michalski, Sergiusz. Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe, Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-203-41425-X, 9780203414255 Google Books; Noble, Bonnie (2009).
In this woodblock from 1568, the printer at left is removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Propaganda during the Reformation (or the Protestant Revolution of 16th century), helped by the spread of the printing press throughout Europe and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrines to be made available to the public in ways that ...
verbum Domini manet in aeternum (VDMA) the word of the Lord endures forever: Motto of the Lutheran Reformation: verb. sap. verbum sap. a word to the wise [is sufficient] A phrase denoting that the listener can fill in the omitted remainder, or enough is said. It is the truncation of "verbum sapienti sat[is] est". verbum volitans: flying word
Post tenebras lux was formerly the state motto of Chile, before being replaced by the Spanish Por la razón o la fuerza (By reason or by force). It is/was the motto of: American International College (Springfield, Massachusetts) Beyoğlu Anadolu Lisesi, an English high school for girls (Istanbul, Turkey)
Pre-Reformation images could bestow merit upon the beholder and frequently became the objects of veneration themselves. The varied origins and functions of art before the Reformation offered a considerable amount of interpretive freedom to the beholder, a freedom that Lutheran views on images vehemently endeavored to curtail.
Luther's Seal from a church in Cobstädt, Thuringia, Germany In an 8 July 1530 letter to Lazarus Spengler, Luther interprets his seal: . Grace and peace from the Lord. As you desire to know whether my painted seal, which you sent to me, has hit the mark, I shall answer most amiably and tell you my original thoughts and reason about why my seal is a symbol of my theology.
Catholics use images, such as the crucifix, the cross, in religious life and pray using depictions of saints. They also venerate images and liturgical objects by kissing, bowing, and making the sign of the cross. They point to the Old Testament patterns of worship followed by the Hebrew people as examples of how certain places and things used ...
Devotio Moderna (Latin; lit., Modern Devotion) was a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, simplicity of life, and integration into the community.