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The McKenzie protocol also now includes flexion protocols and stresses the importance of differentiating whether flexion or extension improves patient's symptoms. As a result, McKenzie principles are used by many physical therapists in the treatment of low back pain, whereas Williams Exercises are no longer taught as a physical therapy protocol.
The McKenzie method is a technique primarily used in physical therapy.It was developed in the late 1950s by New Zealand physiotherapist Robin McKenzie. [1] [2] [3] In 1981 he launched the concept which he called "Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT)" – a system encompassing assessment, diagnosis and treatment for the spine and extremities.
Patients that experience light to mild symptoms are commonly treated through physical therapy, which involves stretching and strengthening the lower back, abdominal (core) and leg muscles. [19] Common stretches used include the knee to chest stretch, posterior pelvic tilt, neural stretching of the legs, hip-flexor stretch and lower trunk rotation .
For acute low back pain, low quality evidence has suggested no difference between real and sham spine manipulation, [46] and moderate quality evidence has suggested no difference between spine manipulation and other commonly used treatments, such as medication and physical therapy. [46] [47] [48]
Spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in preadolescents and adolescent athletes, as it accounts for about 50% of all low back pain. [7] It is believed that both repetitive trauma and an inherent genetic weakness can make an individual more susceptible to spondylolysis. [4]
Buck's traction, involving skin traction. It is widely used for femoral fractures, low back pain, acetabular fractures and hip fractures. [2] Skin traction rarely causes fracture reduction, but reduces pain and maintains the length of the bone. [2] Dunlop's traction – humeral fractures in children; Russell's traction; Halo-gravity traction
Irvin Korr, J. S. Denslow and colleagues did the original body of research on manual therapy. [2] Korr described it as the "Application of an accurately determined and specifically directed manual force to the body, in order to improve mobility in areas that are restricted; in joints, in connective tissues or in skeletal muscles."
Therapy and alternative medicine: an active approach to recovery is recommended over bed rest for most cases of back injury. [8] Activity promotes strength and functional rehabilitation and counters atrophy associated with disuse. [12] Physical therapy can help reduce pain and regain strength and function. [12]