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Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. [1] [2] All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. [3] Cell biology is the study of the structural and functional ...
Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term". [ 1 ] The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites , ions , various proteins and non-protein substances (e.g. DNA, RNA, lipids, microbial products etc.), and particles such ...
Naïve CD8 + cells may then further differentiate into T C 1 cells upon IL-12 exposure, [IL-4] can induce the differentiation into T C 2 cells and IL-1 or IL-23 can induce the differentiation into T C 17 cells. Naïve CD4 + cells may differentiate into T H 1 cells upon IL-12 exposure, T H 2 upon IL-4 exposure or T H 17 upon IL-1 or IL-23 ...
The same cells that recognize PAMPs on microbial pathogens may bind to the antigen of a foreign blood cell and recognize it as a pathogen because the antigen is unfamiliar. [11] It is not easy to classify red blood cell recognition as intrinsic or extrinsic, as a foreign cell may be recognized as part of the organism if it has the right antigens.
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is an effector function of IgG and IgM antibodies.When they are bound to surface antigen on target cell (e.g. bacterial or viral infected cell), the classical complement pathway is triggered by bonding protein C1q to these antibodies, resulting in formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) and target cell lysis.
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) describes RNA species present outside of the cells in which they were transcribed. Carried within extracellular vesicles, lipoproteins, and protein complexes, exRNAs are protected from ubiquitous RNA-degrading enzymes. exRNAs may be found in the environment or, in multicellular organisms, within the tissues or biological fluids such as venous blood, saliva, breast ...
Passive diffusion across a cell membrane.. Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. [1] [2] Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, [3] passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes.
Molecular Biology of the Cell has been described as "the most influential cell biology textbook of its time". [2] The sixth edition is dedicated to the memory of co-author Julian Lewis, who died in early 2014. The book was the first to position cell biology as a central discipline for biology and medicine, and immediately became a landmark ...