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A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
Variable pennation angle also influences whole-muscle geometry during contraction. The degree of fiber rotation determines the cross-sectional area during the course of the movement which can result in increases of the thickness or width of the muscle. [12] Pennation angle can be modified through exercise interventions. [13]
Measurements are made with a carpenters tape from the frame to the edge of the trunk and the profile of the trunk shape is plotted. The data is then entered into a trapezoidal area function in a spreadsheet and converted into cross sectional area so as to calculate the equivalent circumference to use in the volume formula. [citation needed]
The area-equivalent radius of a 2D object is the radius of a circle with the same area as the object Cross sectional area of a trapezoidal open channel, red highlights the wetted perimeter, where water is in contact with the channel.
The mid-upper arm fat area (MUAFA) is an estimation of the area of the far portions of the upper arm, and is simply the difference between the MUAA and the MUAMA: [6] = [6] From the MUAFA is derived the arm fat index (AFI), a percentage of the arm that is fat, using the following formula: [6]
In a general physics context, sectional density is defined as: = [2] SD is the sectional density; M is the mass of the projectile; A is the cross-sectional area; The SI derived unit for sectional density is kilograms per square meter (kg/m 2). The general formula with units then becomes:
As a simplified example, if a beamline runs for 8 hours (28 800 seconds) at an instantaneous luminosity of 300 × 10 30 cm −2 ⋅s −1 = 300 μb −1 ⋅s −1, then it will gather data totaling an integrated luminosity of 8 640 000 μb −1 = 8.64 pb −1 = 0.008 64 fb −1 during this period. If this is multiplied by the cross-section ...
Result of transmission loss (duct acoustics) calculation - a simple example (one chamber silencer). c=520m/s at 400°C; l=0.5m; h=1/3. Considering we have the most simplest reactive silencer with only one expansion chamber (length l and cross-sectional area S2), with inlet and outlet both having cross-sectional area S1).