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The Cahill cycle, also known as the alanine cycle or glucose-alanine cycle, [1] is the series of reactions in which amino groups and carbons from muscle are transported to the liver. [2] It is quite similar to the Cori cycle in the cycling of nutrients between skeletal muscle and the liver. [ 1 ]
Alanine transaminase (ALT), also known as alanine aminotransferase (ALT or ALAT), formerly serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), is a transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.2) that was first characterized in the mid-1950s by Arthur Karmen and colleagues. [1]
In the second step, the amino group of the newly formed glutamate is transferred to pyruvate by an aminotransferase enzyme, regenerating the α-ketoglutarate, and converting the pyruvate to alanine. The net result is that pyruvate and ammonia are converted to alanine, consuming one reducing equivalent. [6]: 721 Because transamination reactions ...
Transaminases require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first half-reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid. Enzyme-bound pyridoxamine in turn reacts with pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or alpha-ketoglutarate, giving alanine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid, respectively. Many ...
Reactions beginning with either one or two molecules of pyruvate lead to the synthesis of alanine, valine, and leucine. Feedback inhibition of final products is the main method of inhibition, and, in E. coli , the ilvEDA operon also plays a part in this regulation.
In enzymology, an alanine-oxo-acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. L-alanine + a 2-oxo acid pyruvate + an L-amino acid. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and 2-oxo acid, whereas its two products are pyruvate and L-amino acid.
In enzymology, an alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.44) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine + glyoxylate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } pyruvate + glycine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and glyoxylate , whereas its two products are pyruvate and glycine .
In enzymology, a beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate pyruvate + beta-alanine. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and 3-oxopropanoate, whereas its two products are pyruvate and beta-alanine.