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Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (/ ˈ z oʊ l ə /, [1] [2] also US: / z oʊ ˈ l ɑː /; [3] [4] French: [emil zɔla]; 2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) [5] was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. [6]
Edition of the Polish Życie reporting on Zola's letter and the Dreyfus affair. Alfred Dreyfus was a French army officer from a prosperous Jewish family. [4] In 1894, while an artillery captain for the General Staff of France, Dreyfus was suspected of providing secret military information to the German government.
On 20 January 1898, after an anti-Zola speech by rightist politician Albert de Mun at the Chamber of Deputies, the chamber voted 312–22 to prosecute Zola. [140] On 23 January 1898 Clemenceau , in the name of a "peaceful revolt of the French spirit", picked up the term "intellectuals" and used it in L'Aurore , but in a positive sense.
L'Aurore (French for 'The Dawn'; IPA:) was a literary, liberal, and socialist newspaper published in Paris, France, from 1897 to 1914.Its most famous headline was Émile Zola's J'accuse...! leading into his article on the Dreyfus Affair.
In previous centuries, letter writing was a significant form of communication. Letters were normally kept private between the sender and recipient. Consequently, an open letter, usually published in a newspaper or magazine, was a then-rare opportunity for the general public to see what a public figure was saying to another public figure. [4]
Les Rougon-Macquart (French pronunciation: [le ʁuɡɔ̃ makaʁ]) is the collective title given to a cycle of twenty novels by French writer Émile Zola.Subtitled Histoire naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous le Second Empire (Natural and social history of a family under the Second Empire), it follows the lives of the members of the two titular branches of a fictional family living during ...
A political scandal subsequently erupted, shaking French political life and highlighting antisemitism in the French army and government. After numerous judicial and political developments, the publication of Émile Zola's manifesto J'Accuse...! in 1898 brought new momentum to Dreyfus's cause. Zola accused French military and political ...
Naturalism includes detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, which is defined as the opposite of free will, in which a character's fate has been decided, even predetermined, by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent ...