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American Wire Gauge (AWG) is a logarithmic stepped standardized wire gauge system used since 1857, predominantly in North America, for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. Dimensions of the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258. [ 1 ] The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important factor for ...
using SI units of meters for , hertz (s −1) for , and meters per second (m⋅s −1) for , (where c=299 792 458 m/s in vacuum, ≈ 300 000 km/s) For typical radio applications, it is common to find d {\displaystyle d} measured in kilometers and f {\displaystyle f} in gigahertz , in which case the FSPL equation becomes
Attenuation. In physics, attenuation (in some contexts, extinction) is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium. For instance, dark glasses attenuate sunlight, lead attenuates X-rays, and water and air attenuate both light and sound at variable attenuation rates. Hearing protectors help reduce acoustic flux from flowing into the ears ...
Speed of electricity. The word electricity refers generally to the movement of electrons, or other charge carriers, through a conductor in the presence of a potential difference or an electric field. The speed of this flow has multiple meanings. In everyday electrical and electronic devices, the signals travel as electromagnetic waves typically ...
Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced / ˈkoʊ.æks /), is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, with the two separated by a dielectric (insulating material); many coaxial cables also have a protective outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial refers to the inner conductor and the ...
The decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal loss in telegraph and telephone circuits. Until the mid-1920s, the unit for loss was miles of standard cable (MSC). 1 MSC corresponded to the loss of power over one mile (approximately 1.6 km) of standard telephone cable at a frequency of 5000 radians per second (795.8 Hz), and matched closely the smallest attenuation detectable to a ...
Massive. v. t. e. In electrical engineering, electrical length is a dimensionless parameter equal to the physical length of an electrical conductor such as a cable or wire, divided by the wavelength of alternating current at a given frequency traveling through the conductor. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] In other words, it is the length of the conductor ...
Propagation delay is equal to d / s where d is the distance and s is the wave propagation speed. In wireless communication, s=c, i.e. the speed of light. In copper wire, the speed s generally ranges from .59c to .77c. [1] [2] This delay is the major obstacle in the development of high-speed computers and is called the interconnect bottleneck in ...