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2. Vowel diagram - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_diagram

   A vowel diagram or vowel chart is a schematic arrangement of the vowels. Depending on the particular language being discussed, it can take the form of a triangle or a quadrilateral. Vertical position on the diagram denotes the vowel closeness, with close vowels at the top of the diagram, and horizontal position denotes the vowel backness, with ...

3. Vowel length - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length

   Stress is often reinforced by allophonic vowel length, especially when it is lexical. For example, French long vowels are always in stressed syllables. Finnish, a language with two phonemic lengths, indicates the stress by adding allophonic length, which gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long stressed vowels, short and long unstressed vowels, and a half-long ...

4. Vowel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel

   There are two complementary definitions of vowel, one phonetic and the other phonological.. In the phonetic definition, a vowel is a sound, such as the English "ah" / ɑː / or "oh" / oʊ /, produced with an open vocal tract; it is median (the air escapes along the middle of the tongue), oral (at least some of the airflow must escape through the mouth), frictionless and continuant. [4]

5. Phonological history of English vowels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of...

   The Great Vowel Shift was a series of chain shifts that affected historical long vowels but left short vowels largely alone. It is one of the primary causes of the idiosyncrasies in English spelling. The shortening of ante-penultimate syllables in Middle English created many long–short pairs. The result can be seen in such words as,

6. Old English phonology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_phonology

   The front mid rounded vowel /ø(ː)/ occurs in the Anglian dialects, for instance, but merged into /e eː/ in the West Saxon dialect. The long–short vowel pair /æ æː/ developed into the Middle English vowels /a ɛː/, with two different vowel qualities distinguished by height, and so they may have had different qualities in Old English as ...

7. International Phonetic Alphabet chart - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

   For the distinction between [ ], / / and , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's ...