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Nitrobenzene is an aromatic nitro compound and the simplest of the nitrobenzenes, with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 NO 2. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond -like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals.
The reaction was first used by Antoine Béchamp to reduce nitronaphthalene and nitrobenzene to naphthylamine and aniline, respectively. [3] The Béchamp reduction is broadly applicable to aromatic nitro compounds. [4] [5] Aliphatic nitro compounds are however more difficult to reduce, often remaining as the hydroxylamine. Tertiary aliphatic ...
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible.
Several methods have been described for the production of aryl hydroxylamines from aryl nitro compounds: Raney nickel and hydrazine at 0-10 °C [15] Electrolytic reduction [16] Zinc metal in aqueous ammonium chloride [17] Catalytic Rhodium on carbon with excess hydrazine monohydrate at room temperature [18]
The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene. Many explosives are produced by nitration including trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid). [3] Another but more specialized method for making aryl–NO 2 group starts from halogenated phenols, is the Zinke nitration.
The three isomers of nitrobenzoic acid are: 2-Nitrobenzoic acid is prepared by oxidation of 2-nitrotoluene.; 3-Nitrobenzoic acid is a precursor to 3-aminobenzoic acid, which in turn is used to prepare some dyes.
Benzidine is prepared in a two step process from nitrobenzene. First, the nitrobenzene is converted to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine , usually using iron powder as the reducing agent. Treatment of this hydrazine with mineral acids induces a rearrangement reaction to 4,4'-benzidine.
The complexity and diversity of resistance mechanisms has defined the need for new and improved β-lactam antibiotics. [29] With their broad spectrum the cephalosporins have come to dominate β-lactam chemotherapy although they often lack oral bioavailability.